Golang依赖关联工具：glide从入门到精通使用
不论是开发Java还是你正在学习的Golang，都会遇到依赖管理问题。Java有牛逼轰轰的Maven和Gradle。 Golang亦有godep、govendor、glide、gvt、gopack等等，本文主要给大家介绍gilde。 glide是Golang的包管理工具，是为了解决Golang依赖问题的。
安装Golang环境设置Golang 1.5版本后才采用vendor目录特性。
//设置环境变量使用vendor目录GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1安装glide
$gogetgithub.com/Masterminds/glide$goinstallgithub.com/Masterminds/glide验证
$glideNAME:glide-VendorPackageManagementforyourGoprojects.Eachprojectshouldhavea'glide.yaml'fileintheprojectdirectory.Fileslooksomethinglikethis:package:github.com/Masterminds/glideimports:-package:github.com/Masterminds/cookooversion:1.1.0-package:github.com/kylelemons/go-gypsysubpackages:-yamlFormoredetailsonthe'glide.yaml'filesseethedocumentationathttps://glide.sh/docs/glide.yamlUSAGE:glide[globaloptions]command[commandoptions][arguments...]VERSION:0.13.0-devCOMMANDS:create,initInitializeanewproject,creatingaglide.yamlfileconfig-wizard,cwWizardthatmakesoptionalsuggestionstoimproveconfiginaglide.yamlfile.getInstalloneormorepackagesinto`vendor/`andadddependencytoglide.yaml.remove,rmRemoveapackagefromtheglide.yamlfile,andregeneratethelockfile.importImportfilesfromotherdependencymanagementsystems.namePrintthenameofthisproject.novendor,nvListallnon-vendorpathsinadirectory.rebuildRebuild('gobuild')thedependenciesinstall,iInstallaproject'sdependenciesupdate,upUpdateaproject'sdependenciestree(Deprecated)Treeprintsthedependenciesofthisprojectasatree.listListprintsalldependenciesthatthepresentcodereferences.infoInfoprintsinformationaboutthisprojectcache-clear,ccClearstheGlidecache.aboutLearnaboutGlidemirrorManagemirrorshelp,hShowsalistofcommandsorhelpforonecommandGLOBALOPTIONS:--yamlvalue,-yvalueSetaYAMLconfigurationfile.(default:"glide.yaml")--quiet,-qQuiet(noinfoordebugmessages)--debugPrintdebugverboseinformationalmessages--homevalueThelocationofGlidefiles(default:"/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide")[$GLIDE_HOME]--tmpvalueThetempdirectorytouse.Defaultstosystemstemp[$GLIDE_TMP]--no-colorTurnoffcoloredoutputforlogmessages--help,-hshowhelp--version,-vprinttheversion
看到这样，那就恭喜你，已经安装成功了！！！
使用篇幅有限，我只介绍经常使用到的。先进入在GOPATH的一个项目中。
cd$GOPATH/src/foor初始化 (glide init)
$glideinit[INFO]GeneratingaYAMLconfigurationfileandguessingthedependencies[INFO]Attemptingtoimportfromotherpackagemanagers(use--skip-importtoskip)[INFO]Scanningcodetolookfordependencies[INFO]-->Foundreferencetogithub.com/urfave/cli[INFO]Writingconfigurationfile(glide.yaml)[INFO]WouldyoulikeGlidetohelpyoufindwaystoimproveyourglide.yamlconfiguration?[INFO]Ifyouwanttorevisitthisstepyoucanusetheconfig-wizardcommandatanytime.[INFO]Yes(Y)orNo(N)?Y[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile[INFO]Lookingfordependenciestomakesuggestionson[INFO]-->Scanningfordependenciesnotusingversionranges[INFO]-->Scanningfordependenciesusingcommitids[INFO]Gatheringinformationoneachdependency[INFO]-->Thismaytakeamoment.Especiallyonacodebasewithmanydependencies[INFO]-->Gatheringreleaseinformationfordependencies[INFO]-->Lookingfordependencyimportswhereversionsarecommitids[INFO]Herearesomesuggestions...[INFO]Thepackagegithub.com/urfave/cliappearstohaveSemanticVersionreleases(http://semver.org).[INFO]Thelatestreleaseisv1.19.1.Youarecurrentlynotusingarelease.Wouldyoulike[INFO]tousethisrelease?Yes(Y)orNo(N)Y[INFO]Wouldyouliketorememberthepreviousdecisionandapplyittofuture[INFO]dependencies?Yes(Y)orNo(N)Y[INFO]Updatinggithub.com/urfave/clitousethereleasev1.19.1insteadofnorelease[INFO]Thepackagegithub.com/urfave/cliappearstousesemanticversions(http://semver.org).[INFO]Wouldyouliketotrackthelatestminororpatchreleases(major.minor.patch)?[INFO]Trackingminorversionreleaseswoulduse'>=1.19.1,<2.0.0'('^1.19.1').Trackingpatchversion[INFO]releaseswoulduse'>=1.19.1,<1.20.0'('~1.19.1').FormoreinformationonGlideversions[INFO]andrangesseehttps://glide.sh/docs/versions[INFO]Minor(M),Patch(P),orSkipRanges(S)?P[INFO]Wouldyouliketorememberthepreviousdecisionandapplyittofuture[INFO]dependencies?Yes(Y)orNo(N)Y[INFO]Updatinggithub.com/urfave/clitousetherange~1.19.1insteadofcommitidv1.19.1[INFO]Configurationchangeshavebeenmade.Wouldyouliketowritethese[INFO]changestoyourconfigurationfile?Yes(Y)orNo(N)Y[INFO]Writingupdatestoconfigurationfile(glide.yaml)[INFO]Youcannowedittheglide.yamlfile.:[INFO]-->Formoreinformationonversionsandrangesseehttps://glide.sh/docs/versions/[INFO]-->Fordetailsonadditionalmetadataseehttps://glide.sh/docs/glide.yaml/$llglide.yaml$catglide.yamlpackage:foorimport:[]
在初始化过程中， glide 会询问一些问题。 glide.yaml记载了依赖包的列表及其更新规则，每次执行 glide up 时，都会按照指定的规则（如只下载补丁(patch)不下载升级(minor)）下载新版。
一个完整的gilde.yaml
package:foorhomepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsxlicense:MITowners:-name:qiangmzsxemail:qiangmzsx@hotmail.comhomepage:https://github.com/qiangmzsx#去除包ignore:-appengine-golang.org/x/net#排除目录excludeDirs:-node_modules#导入包import:-package:github.com/astaxie/beegoversion:1.8.0-package:github.com/coocood/freecache-package:github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis-package:github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql-package:github.com/bitly/go-simplejson-package:git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecachetestImport:-package:github.com/smartystreets/goconveysubpackages:-convey
很多人看着yaml很不习惯，没事，我转一下json给大家看看。
{"excludeDirs":["node_modules"],"owners":[{"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx","name":"qiangmzsx","email":"qiangmzsx@hotmail.com"}],"license":"MIT","package":"foor","ignore":["appengine","golang.org/x/net"],"import":[{"version":"1.8.0","package":"github.com/astaxie/beego"},{"package":"github.com/coocood/freecache"},{"package":"github.com/garyburd/redigo/redis"},{"package":"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"},{"package":"github.com/bitly/go-simplejson"},{"package":"git.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache"}],"testImport":[{"subpackages":["convey"],"package":"github.com/smartystreets/goconvey"}],"homepage":"https://github.com/qiangmzsx"}
版本号指定规则
=:equal(aliasedtonooperator)!=:notequal>:greaterthan<:lessthan>=:greaterthanorequalto<=:lessthanorequalto1.2-1.4.5whichisequivalentto>=1.2,<=1.4.52.3.4-4.5whichisequivalentto>=2.3.4,<=4.51.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<1.3.0>=1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0<=2.xisequivalentto<3*isequivalentto>=0.0.0~1.2.3isequivalentto>=1.2.3,<1.3.0~1isequivalentto>=1,<2~2.3isequivalentto>=2.3,<2.4~1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<1.3.0~1.xisequivalentto>=1,<2^1.2.3isequivalentto>=1.2.3,<2.0.0^1.2.xisequivalentto>=1.2.0,<2.0.0^2.3isequivalentto>=2.3,<3^2.xisequivalentto>=2.0.0,<3
’‘指定版本报错，需要用’’指定的可以不填写
安装依赖 (glide install)glide.yaml我们已经准备好了，现在就改安装一下试试。
$glideinstall[ERROR]Failedtoparse/home/users/xxxx/golang/src/foor/glide.yaml:yaml:invalidleadingUTF-8octet报错了！别担心看看你的yaml文件是否为utf-8编码，不是就转换一下就好啦！$glideinstall[INFO]Lockfile(glide.lock)doesnotexist.Performingupdate.[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.0[INFO]Resolvingimports[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies[INFO]Projectrelieson6dependencies.$lltotal12glide.lockglide.yamlvendor$llvendor/git.oschina.netgithub.com
看到glide.look了吗，这个文件记载了依赖包确定的revision, 下次再执行 glide install 时，会直接读这个文件下载确定的版本。
升级版本 (glide up)glide up 会按照语义化版本规则更新依赖包代码，开发过程中如果需要使用新版代码，可以执行这个命令：修改一下glide.yaml中的一个Package.
-package:github.com/astaxie/beegoversion:1.8.3
执行glide up。
$glideup[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3[INFO]Resolvingimports[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies[INFO]Projectrelieson6dependencies.添加并下载依赖 (glide get)
除了自动从代码中解析 import 外，glide 还可以通过 glide get 直接下载代码中没有的依赖，与 go get 的用法基本一致：
$glidegetgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]Preparingtoinstall1package.[INFO]Attemptingtogetpackagegithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Gatheringreleaseinformationforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Addinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-maptoyourconfiguration[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Fetchinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]Resolvingimports[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies使用镜像 (glide mirror)
[WARN]Unabletocheckoutgolang.org/x/crypto[ERROR]Updatefailedforgolang.org/x/crypto:CannotdetectVCS[ERROR]Failedtodoinitialcheckoutofconfig:CannotdetectVCS
这几行信息估计很多人都是遇到过的。在我天朝或者在公司内部都可能不能访问一些站点，导致很Golang的依赖包不能通过go get下载。此时也就是glide大发神威的时候到了，可以通过配置将墙了的版本库 URL 映射到没被墙的 URL，甚至也可以映射到本地版本库。将golang.org映射到github: 修改glide.yaml加入
-package:golang.org/x/crypto
如果你的网络可以访问就不需要使用glide镜像功能，可以跳过。
$glidemirrorsetgolang.org/x/cryptogithub.com/golang/crypto[INFO]golang.org/x/cryptobeingsettogithub.com/golang/crypto[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges$glideup[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Fetchinggolang.org/x/crypto[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3[INFO]Resolvingimports[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/crypto[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies[INFO]Projectrelieson8dependencies.$llvendor/git.oschina.netgithub.comgolang.org
终于看到golang.org啦！！！细心的你一定已经发现了
[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges
说明执行glide mirror时候镜像配置写入到的是$HOME/.glide/mirrors.yaml中，打开看看。
repos:-original:golang.org/x/cryptorepo:github.com/golang/crypto
还可以映射到本地目录。推荐大家可以去https://www.golangtc.com/download/package下载很多Golang类库。现在我去下载了：https://www.golangtc.com/static/download/packages/golang.org.x.text.tar.gz，解压到本地目录/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text。
$glidemirrorsetgolang.org/x/text/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text[INFO]golang.org/x/textbeingsetto/home/users/qiangmzsx/var/golang/golang.org/x/text[INFO]mirrors.yamlwrittenwithchanges$glideup[INFO]Loadingmirrorsfrommirrors.yamlfile[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]-->Fetchinggolang.org/x/text[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgolang.org/x/crypto[INFO]-->Fetchingupdatesforgithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Detectedsemanticversion.Settingversionforgithub.com/astaxie/beegotov1.8.3[INFO]Resolvingimports[INFO]Downloadingdependencies.Pleasewait...[INFO]Settingreferencesforremainingimports[INFO]Exportingresolveddependencies...[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/astaxie/beego[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/go-sql-driver/mysql[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/bitly/go-simplejson[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/coocood/freecache[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/smartystreets/goconvey[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/garyburd/redigo[INFO]-->Exportinggithub.com/orcaman/concurrent-map[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/text[INFO]-->Exportinggolang.org/x/crypto[INFO]-->Exportinggit.oschina.net/qiangmzsx/beegofreecache[INFO]Replacingexistingvendordependencies[INFO]Projectrelieson9dependencies.全局选项
运行glide，在最后就可以看到
GLOBALOPTIONS:--yamlvalue,-yvalueSetaYAMLconfigurationfile.(default:"glide.yaml")--quiet,-qQuiet(noinfoordebugmessages)--debugPrintdebugverboseinformationalmessages--homevalueThelocationofGlidefiles(default:"/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide")[$GLIDE_HOME]--tmpvalueThetempdirectorytouse.Defaultstosystemstemp[$GLIDE_TMP]--no-colorTurnoffcoloredoutputforlogmessages--help,-hshowhelp--version,-vprinttheversion
如果大家想把glide的yaml文件换别的默认名称可以执行
$glide-yqiangmzsx.yaml
在官网中会看到一个GLIDE_HOME变量，该变量就是/home/users/qiangmzsx/.glide。这个目录之前有提到过，除了包含有mirrors.yaml还有一个很重要的目录cache本地 cache,每次更新代码时， glide 都会在本地保存 cache，以备下次 glide install 使用。
GLIDE_HOME可以通过如下命令修改。
$glide--home/home/glide总结
除了上述说到的功能，glide还有很多好的功能，后续有机会在写出来吧。
总结一下，glide是一款功能丰富，完全满足需求的依赖管理工具，强烈大家使用。
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